The Comprehensive And Flat Tax System Economics Essay

The Comprehensive And compressed Tax System Economics EssayThe spatiotemporal income valuate governance in its ideal crop enjoys a good reputation due to the structure which is based on the index to pay commandment. In e very(prenominal)day this principle points out that levypayers with the same low level of income are revenue enhancemented at the same dictate and the ones with high income are value incomeation incomeed heavier. 4What put one acrosss this revenue placement thus far much hypnotic to countries is that due to the equalization of with child(p) and moil income, on that point is no participation in income shifting. This would be a so c tout ensemble(a)ed valueation trade profit. That means it is more profitable to transform labour income into peachy income and pay less revenue enhancementes due to the different measure burden betwixt labour and heavy(p) income. 42.1.2 prejudices of the comprehensive tax revenue income outline 42.2 Flat Ta x 52.2.1 Advantages of the flavourless tax frame 52.2.2 Disadvantage of the flat tax system 5IntroductionIn this Paper I will discuss the so called soprano income tax. This system is considered to be one of the most kind tax alternatives to existing revenue systems. This paper is build up in three colossal chapters. Firstly I will describe the environment of the unquestionable taxation systems. On the one travel by there is the system which is commitd in almost all europiuman countries, the so called comprehensive somebodyal income tax. And on the other hand the flat tax system, which can be found in the Este-European countries. Secondly I will point out more accu prescribely the development of the Dual income tax system with its mayor advantages and disadvantages. Finally I will draw my personal conclusion to the dual income taxation system, its possibilities and future evolution.The study objectives of the taxation system in a country are clearly to make as much tax affordable to obtain a solidness and running state. This spirit is collateral with the idea that everybody pays the pith of taxes one has to pay according to the ability to pay principle. Therefore leave as little as possible chances to cheat. Aligned with this aim the system should bring forth two additional targets, fairness and simplicity. Fairness as a basis requires a system to be fair in the way that people with same income should be taxed in the same way. Simplicity should make tax paying as easy and efficient as possible. This means in an ideal world there would be no exceptions or e special(a)(a) tax treatments.Through globalization, easier and faster communication, many people set off to find more and more possibilities to optimize their tax expenditures. This, for example is possible by investing in contrary countries causing harm to the get. As a consequence of missing tax income and loosing the possibility to keep up the states standards, a deepen in form of a re form is un blockable. There are as many possibilities as there are countries on earth to reform a taxation system, by raising / lowering taxes or changing the social unit system to become more piquant again. I will now present 3 exemplary systems.The comprehensive tax systemThe comprehensive income tax system excessively known by other synonyms as global income tax, unitary income tax or synthetic income tax is the most habitd taxation system in western European countries. It has got its name due to the fact that all income types are seen as a one and therefore are added unneurotic and taxed as one whole income. In Germany it was installed in the late 1950, and since then has been display caseed of many changes from its original form. It was seen as the ideal tax system in Europe because in its original form it could align fully with the ability to pay principle and to both tasks of simplicity and fairness. This method is composed as a system which adds together all the taxpay ers income (from labor, capital, rent and business) in a single measure and taxes it with a single progressive tax.Labour income is usually defined as income earn from activities as an employed individual.Capital income can take a variety of forms such as dividends, interests, income from real estate and to add further complications capital income is non always from a single organization, but can come from pension funds, life insurance companies, corporations, banks etc.Business income is income earned out of entrepreneurial activities. unremarkably the marginal subsistence level remains tax free. Income surpassing this nominal level is typically taxed on a progressive scale. For example in Germany it starts with a tax rate of 15% and ends up as high as 50%. Losses of one income type can be offset with gains from other sources. angiotensin-converting enzyme tax rate will then be applied on the taxpayers total income (Synthetic taxation system).The idea behind the comprehensive tax scale is the presumptuousness that someone with higher income is able not save in absolute but also in relative numbers to pay a higher share of his earnings to the government. This is by the majority of the most western cultures felt as a fair distribution of the tax burden also called tax fairness. This is the reason why there is a progressive tax table lying behind this structure.2.1.1 Advantages of the comprehensive tax systemThe comprehensive income tax system in its ideal form enjoys a good reputation due to the structure which is based on the ability to pay principle. In general this principle points out that taxpayers with the same low level of income are taxed at the same rate and the ones with higher income are taxed heavier.What makes this taxation system even more attractive to countries is that due to the equalization of capital and labour income, there is no interest in income shifting. This would be a so called tax arbitrage profit. That means it is more profit able to transform labour income into capital income and pay less taxes due to the different tax burden betwixt labour and capital income.2.1.2 Disadvantages of the comprehensive tax systemAlthough this taxation system seems to be clear and easy, when installed and worked with there are always specialties and exceptions. These treatments were implemented during many years and destroyed the purity of the comprehensive system. The special treatments came along with a high step of administrative costs and a loss of the simplicity. The possibility of the capital income to become negative and be cleared with the labour income is just one example. This even can be seen in the tax solution. Hardly anybody is capable to hand in a correct tax declaration without concerning a tax accountant.All countries with the comprehensive taxation system implied special tax treatment for a particular type of income (e.g. pensions, capital gains or draftsmanship wins) to grant a tax relieve. But there is no systematic reason that for example lottery wins stay completely income tax free in Germany. Theoretically the State should levy taxes to chip in income for funding its public tasks, as production public goods (eg. Schools, streets). It should not use the taxation system to channel the expending and investment behaviour of its citizens and tax payers. By doing so the systematic foundation, the justification and the acceptance of the comprehensive taxation system gets lost.The maximum rate should in no case surpass the 50% level because it is perceived as cheating(prenominal) from the tax payers when more than half of the money earned has to be transferred to the government.Some decades agone Sweden had a maximum tax rate of 90% with the consequence that people had no incentive anymore to generate income and tried to transfer their income stream to foreign countries. This effect is described as a so called Laffer curve. (It is used to illustrate the concept ofTaxable Income E lasticity(thattaxable incomewill change in reception to changes in the rate of taxation). The curve is constructed bythought experiment. First, the amount of tax revenue raised at the extreme tax rates of 0% and cytosine% is considered. It is clear that a 0% tax rate raises no revenue, but the Laffer curve hypothesis is that a 100% tax rate will also generate no revenue because at such a rate there is no longer any incentive for a rational taxpayer to earn any income, thus the revenue raised will be 100% of nothing. If both a 0% rate and 100% rate of taxation generate no revenue, it follows thatthere must exista rate in between where tax revenue would be a maximum. The Laffer curve is typically delineated as a stylized graph which starts at 0% tax, zero revenue, rises to a maximum rate of revenue raised at an intermediate rate of taxation and then falls again to zero revenue at a 100% tax rate. One potential result of the Laffer curve is that change magnitude tax rates beyond a certain point will become counterproductive for raising further tax revenue because of diminishing returns.)2.2 Flat TaxAn alternative to the just described global tax system is the so called flat tax system. Herewith a flat proportional taxation for all net income types, capital, labour and other income is installed. This taxation system does not consider the taxpayers ability to pay taxes but sets a flat level for all income types. Some east European countries (Russia and Slovakia) have installed this taxation system. Russia replaced its progressive taxation system with a single flat tax rate of 13%.(Under a subtile flat tax without inductions, companies could simply, every period, make a single hire to the government covering the flat tax liabilities of their employees and the taxes owed on their business income.For example, judge that in a given year, ACME earns a profit of 3 million, pays 2 million in salaries, and spends an added 1 million on other expenses the IRS deems t o be taxable income, such as stock options, bonuses, and certain executive privileges. Given a flat rate of 15%, ACME would then owe the IRS (3M + 2M + 1M) x0.15 = 900,000. This payment would, in one fell swoop, settle the tax liabilities of ACMEs employees as well as taxes it owed by being a firm. Most employees throughout the economy would neer need to interact with the revenue authorities, as all tax owed on wages, interest, dividends, royalties, etc. would be withheld at the source.)2.2.1 Advantages of the flat tax systemAim of this taxation method is to gain a very simplified and transparent Tax system. Those who perceive the comprehensive taxation system with its progressive effects as cheating(prenominal) often are in favor of a flat tax system and claim it to be fairer to apply the same tax rate to all income sources and amounts.Because there is only one tax rate for all income, the administration costs are definitely lower and there is a balance between lower tax and lowe r cost. Additionally every taxpayer can easily calculate his taxes due which are usually not the case in the very complex progressive taxation system.After Russia installed the flat tax the real revenues from its Personal Income Tax rose by 25.2%, 24.6% and 15.2% in the first three years.2.2.2 Disadvantage of the flat tax systemDespite all the Pro arguments the problem of the flat taxation system is that hardly any country could keep it as a fully flat income tax system due to too many special tax treatments. Because everybody has to pay the same percentage of his total income the ability of pay performance is not considered or minded. This is the biggest contra argument of the flat tax system. It only seems to be a fair system but leaves only a small to no gap for a fair sharing of the tax burden.For many people it is not convincing why rich people should only pay as much as the poorer. And therefore it can hardly survive.In Addition to fairness another adverse point is the fact of the pure flat tax system that the government loses its power to steer the investing behavior. So if it would be of interest to support the tete-a-tete pension reserves, a deduction of capital income taxes on these payments is not possible.The Dual Income TaxDevelopment of the Dual Income Tax (DIT) systemThe Dual Income Tax (DIT) is a combination of both of the new-fashioned presented tax systems. It is not a plain comprehensive system with a single progressive tax development or a flat tax with only a proportional tax, but a combination of both. It attempts to tax the personal capital income at a uniform (low) proportional tax composition maintaining a (higher) progressive rate on the labour income. This taxation system was first introduced in Denmark 1987, other northern countries as Finland, Norway or Sweden followed.Until today the Norse system is seen as the most experienced one and is seen as very respected for the consistency with which it was implemented. Until today the system as such had to be subject to changes.Germany introduced the dual income tax system in 2009. Income was taxed according to the global tax system with the progressive taxation method whereas capital income was taxed deducted at source at a rate of 25 %, without exception.A unique aspect of the dual income tax system is the problem of how to distinguish labour from cpital income when the two are motley together. A typical example is the business man who provides labour and capital with one business. These types of business are tempted to declare their gains of labour as capital income to avoid the higher progressive tax. The Finnish Government countered this problem with a division of dividends paid by unlisted companies into two components. Each half is then treated as either labour or capital income.Advantages of the Dual Income Tax systemA country with lower capital income taxation becomes more attractive to foreign investors with a higher local capital income tax. This al so has a positive degree effect on the attractivity of corporate investments. The further positive impact on the economic development is obvious.The generation of capital income tax by collecting it at its source, creates a higher possibility of tax payment in coincidence to individual tax declaration.The incentive for capital exports and tax avoidance is reduced by a lower tax rate on capital income. It also diminishes the risk of tax evasion.Neutrality or simplicity means an equal treatment of capital income tax without personalized deductions or any other special handling.The main tax income which is raised for public finance can be brought up alone by the labour income tax.Disadvantages of the Dual Income Tax systemCompared to the comprehensive taxation system, the dual income tax system has left the tax arbitrage is theory open. This is the (income shifting between higher-taxed labour income and lower-taxed capital income) to gain the difference between these two tax rates. N evertheless it can reduce the incentives of capital exports to cheaper capital income neighbor countries.A common mentioned disadvantage of the dual income tax system it the so called problem of the double taxation. This taxation problem does not only exist in this taxation system but is characteristic for this system. Double taxations is ataxationprinciplereferring to income taxes that are paid twice on the same source of earned income. The problem herewith is the question when and how the best way is to tax capital income. The current scheme taxes the first time when earned as labour income. The taxpayer now has got two options, one would be to consume directly and have no further problems. In times of shrinking pension accounts many people prefer to save the money in forms of capital investment eg. shares, bonds The real dual taxation problem now appears when these capital investments start to pay their interests or dividends. The argument behind this contra argument is that the capital to buy a investment was already taxed.3.4 The dual income tax system in Germany and its impactIn this section I will outline the general impact of the dual income tax system for Germany. In 2009 Germany installed the dual income tax system, keeping its progressive tax for labour income and changing its capital income to a flat taxation rate of 25%. The aim of this change from the comprehensive to the dual income tax system was diverse. First of all the German state wanted to stop the emigration of capital income to abroad countries. By implementing the 25% capital income tax Germany became more attractive to investors from foreign countries like Switzerland due to their higher taxation rate of 35%. As an additional positive effect Germany could hold its own capital income taxes in the country. If Germany would have kept it this way, a major relief of administration on the governmental and in the private sector would have been seen. The taxation on capital income would have b een done directly as a deduction at source by the capital organization like banks or pension organization, as a standard anonymous recompense. This as consequents would have meant a higher and more continuous true(p) income flow and a real established flat tax for the capital income tax.But this was not the case, due to a minority, the people whose income tax is below the minimum subsistence level. These people claimed that the taxation of capital income at a rate of 25 % compared to their taxation level from the comprehensive taxation system which is lower than 25 % is unfair and not feasible. This is why the German model of the dual income taxation system could not be installed in its pure way, but with a major amount of adjustments. To give people living at the minimum subsistence level a chance to be taxed by their correct tax rate the capital income tax from banks had to be change from anonymous to personalized. On the one hand this meant a huge effort for banks to change the ir standard fee to a personalized fee tracing every capital movement on bank accounts. And on the other hand the anticipated administration reduction was not fulfilled. Taxpayers below the minimum subsistence level still have to create a tax declaration with a special request form.The problem with one special treatment is that it neer comes alone, and so it is the same in Germany. As one of the few countries left which still has got the church service tax as a fixed component of the tax system, the elementary neglection as it is foreseen in the flat tax system for capital income was not possible, has to keep the church tax specialties in mind. The church fee in Germany is even dependant the federal state you life in and can vary between 8 9 %. In the old comprehensive system it was an easy task to retain the church taxes, due to the fact that this tax was retained as one tax from the hole income. With the new dual income tax system the labour income part of the church taxation i s treated in the same way, by deduction of the entrepreneur. But to keep the principle of being a fair state, of course the capital income part of the church tax hast do be discharged as well. In principle this doesnt seem to be that big of a task but as the capital income is deduced by a capital company as banks even more information exchange is necessary. An align problem with the further information exchange is the question if a, lets stay with this example, bank should have the right or need to know ones religious orientation. As a diverse and social alert state Germany added another special treatment to the capital income taxation system. Church tax payers who have capital income then have two options. These would be on the one hand, provide your bank with you religious orientation who then would have to check each capital income payment on the capital income tax 25 % the 5,5 % solidarity surcharge tax and then depending on the Information the 8 9% church taxes. Or on the othe r hand declare your taxes through the normal tax declaration and being charged retroactively.Especially here you can see how the gap between fair and simple is a thin line which Is hard to meet. Either a taxation system is held flat and small so special tax treatments like church taxes or the regard of the Taxpayers below the minimum subsistence level are not concerned, or the system is tried to be held fair and a huge amount of administrative costs is installed.Another side effect of the dual income tax system is a well known problem that in general impartiality in personal businesses should be intensified. With the flat tax for capital income in Germany unfortunately the opposite is achieved. If an business owner gives a loan to his own company, his interest incomes are taxed according to the normal progressive tax rate (up to 50%). Giving the money to the bank instead of his own company allows him to make use of the favour of the flat tax rate. This lead to an unforeseen out pul ls of money of personal businesses and reinvesting it in the capital commercialize. Here again the question can be asked, which aim is the dual income taxation system following? If the main aim was to ensure a larger capital spend in the local market then the aim was fulfilled, but if a long term effect as supporting the increase of equity in private businesses was targeted then a clearly miss must be admitted.Anyhow the change to the dual income tax system for people with income greater than the minimum subsistence level presented a good-natured relief. As the capital amount of exemption in Germany is currently at 801 euros any capital income higher than 800 euros (20000 euros at an interest rate of 4 %) and a labour income tax higher than 25 % can make a noticeable saving.The problem in the Germany state is that it always tries to care for everybody, this is why a simplified system is hard or even impossible to install in Germany.ConclusionBecause the fiscal functionality is not a static system there is in my opinion hardly any tax system which can last all too long. This is also the reason way a change in the German taxation system was needed badly. In my opinion the dual income tax system as it is thought of, in its original form without any special treatments is a very attractive and a realizable taxation system. With its aim to simplify the capital taxation by installing a flat tax which is deducted at the source is a major relief to administrative effort.As a critical discussion Point concerning the dual income tax system, is my question can a taxation system be seen as fair if a person who owns an X amount of Euros (which is enough for him to live from the interests) should be allowed life a nice and easy life and only having to pay a low capital income Tax. on The contrary the taxpayer working 330 days paying the higher labour tax rate according to a comprehensive tax system? To illustrate this a little more clearly lets make a simple example with n umbers. In the one hand we have the rich person with a capital of 5 million Euros who, with a interst rate of 4 %, has got a capital gain of 200.000 Euros. As this is seen as capital income it is only taxed at a low rate of 25 % so, the rich person can keep net 150.000 . He can keep his life standard without working and exaggerated be on holiday the whole year. On the other Hand the person who works hard and has got a labour income of 200.000 Euros, hast to pay the top tax rate of 50% and can only use the remaining 100.000 Euros.SummaryDue to new European taxation systems many countries changed their view on taxation and had no other opportunity than to reform their own system.The dual income tax system, as a so called Scheduler Taxation System, because it has different schedules for the different income types originates from two different taxation models, these are a comprehensive, and flat tax taxation methods. The Main aims of the DIT system is the separation of capital and labou r income. The dual income tax system underlays a proportional tax rate on all net income (e.g. Capital, interests, dividends, business income, income from real estate) and a progressive tax rate on labour income.With this background I took a look at the previous described Tax systems.Conclusions of theA major problem of the dual income tax in Germany is the sense of unfairness that is implemented by the general diligence of this tool. This lead to possible individual tax deductions. A general capital income tax, that is collected right where it is generated from the bank and is discharged anonymously is administrated easily.An advantage of a flat tax rate is ideally a simplification of the existing system. In Germany however in order to avoid unequal treatment individual tax deductions are possible. This counterstrikes the hoped effect.Vereinfachungs effect flat tax vereinfachung. A) keine abzhge b) depot gebhren etc. wird einfacher aber immer grber (ungerecht)Aufantrag. Auch die capitalertrge.