Analysis Of The Leadership Of Kim Jong Il History Essay

Analysis Of The loss loss loss leaders Of Kim Jong Il History EssayIt is believed to be important to examine the manners and leaders name of Kim Jong Il for several reasons. Among these reasons argon the quest. There is more talk about an absolute and/or unquestioning loyalty to Jong Il (e.g. Kang, 2006 Pollack, 2009), and it is deemed important to understand the reason for this. In addition, although north Korea bears the description The participatory Peoples Republic of Korea, its g everyplacenmental ideology appears to be in no manner linked to democracy, and it is believed that the reason for this should be investigated. Also, of grave concern is how the people of marriage Korea continue to bear on in submission to the inhumane treatment that they wholeow been receiving, and how they m new(prenominal) managed (i.e. despite the atrocities taking place in their country) to maintain the ideology that their home place down is literally Paradise on Earth (Hyun Sik, 2008, p.50). What allows unification Koreans to preserve the thought that they are living in a chosen land (Hyun Sik, 2008, p.50)? Does their political leader view as whatsoeverthing to do with it? What about his leaders ardour? This paper is expected to unearth the truth behind the sum Korean locating.It is believed to be important to understand the North Korean situation by the image of its leader, because of the nature of his leadership. Jong Il is delineated as one(a) who has simulated absolute control of North Korea (Kang, 2006). He is what is known as a dictator. Consequently, it is believed that if he were to be properly examined then it may be soundless why he is the way he is, how the people of North Korea bring been affected by his rule as rise as how things may be able to turn around for his country and people.To gain the preceding(prenominal) understanding, an academic research depart be conducted on Jong Il in an effort to be able to assess his life an d leadership vogue to gain the desired result. This research will be conducted in the year of a literature review. First the leaders biography will be presented followed by which his leadership style will be diagnosed and assessed within the linguistic context of Nahavandis text book on leadership (i.e. The Art and Science of drawship, twenty percent edition). Through an analysis of the literature and Nahavandis text, the parallels among Jong Ils leadership style and the concepts discussed within the text will be identified in order for a critical assessment of the North Korean political leadership situation to take place. This assessment should be what will produce a conceptual understanding of the present political leadership within the North Korean context as soundly as how this leadership situation not solitary(prenominal) coincides with what Nahavandi (2009) presents, but alike works to affect the lives of the North Korean people (i.e. inclusive of its leader, Jong Il , the one in question).A brief accounting of the leaderIt is unclear when Kim Jong Il was born as well as under what circumstances his consanguinity took place. Jong Il, according to Pike (2009), was born on the 16th day of February, 1941. AE Tele batch Networks (2009) also telld the akin engagement of turn in for Jong Il. However, both Pike (2009) and AE Television Networks (2009), acknowledge that Jong Ils year of induce was subsequently adjusted to 1942. The reason given by Pike (2009) for this limiting was that the same was expected to necessitate a thirty-year age difference amidst Jong Il and his father Il Sung.The circumstances surrounding Jong Ils birth remain a mystery. Many accounts have been given of the same. Some of these accounts include the following Jong Ils family claimed that a swallow foretold his birth others claim that a double rainbow appeared everyplace Mount Baekdu when he was born, while some eventide declared that with the force of his birth, a new star appeared in the heavens. All these theories surrounding his birth take root in what is exposit as a delirium of constitution, which simply illustrates that legend and official North Korean administration accounts describe Jong Ils life, character, and actions in ways that promote and legitimize his leadership (AE Television Networks, 2009). gratuitous to say, whether Jong Il was born in Khabarovsk, USSR or in a confidential camp on Mt. Baekdu in Samjiyon County, Ryanggang Province (Pike, 2009), in that respect appears to be something mystifying about this leader. If there was not, then why would all of North Korea come him as the Dear Leader and interpret his as well as his fathers existence through an analogy of Jesus Christ and beau ideal (i.e. with Jong Il creation do to represent Jesus Christ in the minds of the North Korean people, while his father, Il Sung, is cosmos made to represent God in the minds of the same) (AE Television Networks, 2009 Kang, 200 6)? As Kang (2006) stated, the people of North Korea literally theology Jong Il just as they worshipped his father Kim Il Sung. unrivaled North Korean gave the following account of Jong IlGeneral Kim Jong Il is a rare capital man of Baekdu type who was born at Mt. Baekdu, the sacred mountain of our nation, and made an unusual growth amidst the special radical education of his parents, brilliant commanders of Baekdu, as well as the practical reading of the revolutionary struggle. He personifies the revolutionary pith, trait and nature of Mt. Baekdu. The revolutionary pith of Mt. Baekdu personified by him is the spirit of independence associated with the soul of Baekdu, the spirit of gun inherit the linage of Baekdu, the indefatigable revolutionary spirit replete with the mettle of Baekdu and the approbative spirit consistent with cheerfulness of Baekdu. The revolutionary trait of Mt. Baekdu possessed by him is pluck and courage of Baekdu-style giant, ever-victorious sagacity o f the brilliant commander of Baekdu, broad-mindedness befitting a heroic man, organizing great top executive of leading millions of people, indefatigable attacking spirit, strong ability of execution (Pike, 2009).As mystic as Jong Il may have appeared, he was seen as one who demonstrated loyalty to his father Il Sung. This loyalty, according to Pike (2009), was demonstrated through Jong Ils involvement of the purging of his fathers irregular cronies as well as those who were not deemed personal friends of the Great Leader (Kang, 2006). It is believed that this loyalty to his father is what made him his fathers successor.Jong Il was described as unendingly beingness in politics. He was noted as being brisk in the Childrens Union a youth organization that promotes the concept of Juche (the spirit of self-reliance) as well as in the Democratic Youth League, where he engaged in the study of Marxist ideology (i.e. in sex act to politics) (AE Television Networks, 2009). It is beli eved that in 1974, Jong Il was named the successor of the revolutionary cause of Juche, and that in the midst of 1971 and 1980 he was given positions of increasing importance within the Korean Workers company (Pike, 2009). When Jong Il was named successor to the cause of Juche, he reportedly embarked on an initiative, which truism to the advancement of the program, which was concerned with the imbuing of the entire Korean society with the Juche ideology (Pike, 2009).Kim Jong Il reportedly had an interest in many disciplines, none of which he was especially good at (Hyun Sik, 2008). One of the disciplines Jong Il was interested in was the arts. He was described by AE Television Networks (2009) as the overseer of the Propaganda and Agitation incision in his country. This department was the one responsible for controlling the media as well as for censorship (AE Television Networks, 2009). As leader of this department, Jong Il reportedly used the mass media, literature and art, all media that fall under the umbrella term democratic culture, to stretch his public image as well as to obtain popular support for himself (Pike, 2009). When Jong Ils father died in 1994, Jong Il reportedly assumed supreme power over the North Korean state. It is through this acquisition of power that Jong Il micro-manages every detail of government business (Pike, 2009).Pike (2009) describes Jong Il as being opposite to his father. He is described as being impatient as well as a vivid displayer of extemporaneous behaviours. Jong Il is described as being arrogant and self-centered in policy decision making, unappreciative of rebuke as well as oppose opinion and emotional when it comes to displaying his likes and dislikes (Pike, 2009). However, on his softer side, Jong Il is known to be a lover of movies (e.g. James draw unitedly movies) and is known to have a personal collection of films in redundance of 20000 (AE Television Networks, 2009). Nevertheless, despite the latter, Jong Il fanny be thought of as a sad case, because his genuineness as ruler of North Korea is decided by the said countrys political system. As a result, Jong Il carcass prisoner to a system into which he was born. There is nothing Jong Il could do to reform his nations political system without undermining his own legitimacy. Therefore, his only wise option is to uphold the system (Pike, 2009). Jong Ils upholding of the system is notably in the vanquish interest of his country.A critical assessment of the life and leadership style of Kim Jong IlKim Jong Il, on the stem of his biography, underside be deemed a attractive leader. However, he is of the unethical type. He is deemed a charismatic leader because he shows forth characteristics such as a eminent degree of authority (expressed through his firm belief in his ideology), strong convictions about his ideas (which is establish on him being unaccepting of condemnations as well as contend opinions), expressiveness (manifest ed through his description of being an emotionally expressive individualistic) as well as activeness in image building (expressed through his use of popular culture to expand his popular image) (Nahavandi, 2009 Pike, 2009).However, although the above is true of Jong Il, he is also deemed to be unethical for several reasons. Jong Il is noted to use his power for personal gain or impact and to promote his personal vision (i.e. through the use of the Propaganda and Agitation Department), to c check off critical or opposing views (i.e. through his unaccepting of them), to demand that his decisions be accepted without question (as manifested through the unquestioning residency spoken of by Kang, 2006), to use one-way communication, and to be insusceptible to followers needs (accounted for through Kangs description of the sufferings that the people of Korea are made to endure at the hand of Jong Il) (Howell Avolio, 1992).Although Jong Il uses his power indiscriminately, he can lifele ssness be considered an effectual leader. This is because based on the circumstances in his country he uses his power to maintain the stability inevitable for the efficient functioning of the same. It may not be the view of many outdoor(a) of North Korea. However, with the level of brainwashing the people of that land have stock nothing seems wrong for most of not all. As it was noted earlier, even though Jong Ils leadership style is not the best, he has no pick than to image that it is perpetuated. This is because if he chooses to change the way his authority is ascribed to him (i.e. to reform the political system in his country) he will be doing himself more reproach than good. As Pike (2009) described, Jong Il is a prisoner to the system a prisoner in that even if he wants to change the system, he would not, because of the unwillingness to give up his supreme, divine status. It is what grants him his legitimacy as political leader of North Korea, and it therefore cannot b e changed without upsetting the present leaders legitimacy to rule over the state. Jong Il can therefore be located within the context of the contingency era of leadership. This is because as Fiedler describes, his effectiveness as a leader is based on a match between his leadership style and the leadership situation (Nahavandi, 2009). Jong Il is effective as a leader because his leadership style matches his leadership situation (Nahavandi, 2009).Jong Ils leadership personality can also be interpreted in impairment of the behaviorist perspective. It can be thought that Jong Il was trained to be the type of leader that he is. His father, Il Sung, ensured that Jong Il was groomed in a particular way from vernal. He (Jong Il) was made to attend detail schools namely, Namsan Primary School (a school he later destroyed through bombing), Namsan Higher Middle School, and Kim Il Sung University (AE Television Networks, 2009 Hyun Sik, 2008). According to Hyun Sik (2008), these schools (a fore mentioned) were taciturn for the elite of the North Korean society, in particular, party officials above the browse of vice minister (p.47). At these schools, the concept of Juche was taught. Apart from attending these schools, Jong Il was able to nurse the Juche ideology from being in close jot with his father as well as through his involvement with the Childrens Union. Consequently, he was able to perpetuate its existence. Jong Il believably learned to be a dictator, an autocratic, because as his former instructor described, he was a shy young man (Hyun Sik, 2008). But what made him acquire this leadership personality?It is believed that Jong Il was predisposed to acquire certain behavioral characteristics that would have allowed him to be an effective leader today. It is believed that Jong Il was exposed to a great deal of charismatic experiences throughout his early life. As a result of this it is assumed that he has adopted a certain degree of charisma and that this very charisma is what he was able to use to sway the minds of the Korean people in the direction that he wanted them to go. Jong Il, because of his ability to operate the minds of the North Korean people, through the channel of indoctrination, as accounted for by Lankov (2007), can be described as an individual who fools high on the Machiavellian personality scale. Jong Il and his parents crafty use of supernatural accounts at the time of his birth were used to convince the people of North Korea that Jong Il is a deity. Consequently, the North Korean people found themselves worshipping Jong Il in much the same way as they worshipped his father (Kang, 2006).Apart from Jong Il being made to look like a deity, he reportedly did all in his power to keep the people of North Korea thinking and acting in a particular way, a way that would ensure the proceed legitimacy of his power that flows from his position as Supreme Leader/ linguistic rule of the DPRK. For example, as stated by Lankov (2007), North Korea has maintained a voluntary information blockade that is without parallel (p.71). North Koreans are not allowed to have free tuning radios, neither are they allowed to listen to news casts and programs that are from sources foreign North Korea. This news blackout is supposed to keep North Koreans believing that their country is an earthly paradise (Lankov, 2007, p.71). In this way, North Koreans will cast a blind eye upon the inhumanities that Jong Il is said to kick in upon them, because they supposedly do not know any better. In other words, their reality is based purely on what Jong Il feeds them. So, although North Koreans may feel in their hearts and minds that something is wrong with the political leadership in their country (if even they do), they will continue to exist within a false reality, because of the unadulterated doctrine, which has been ingrained deep within their psyche.Continuing on the subject of power, the other sources of power that Kim J ong Il possesses is that of Coercive Power and divine Power. Nahavandi states that coercive power is the leaders ability to punish persons accede for tending of this punishment. Kim Jong Il exercises his Coercive Power by ensuring that he attains full compliance from the people by instilling fear in them by great(p) to arrest persons who refuses to adhere to his directives deeming them political criminals. Jong Il also received divine Power through his coercive tactics on his people. He did this by mandating the people to worship him and his father and demanded that all believed and followed the principles of Juche. So not only was he their political leader her was their spiritual leader qualifying his adoring power.Jong Il is accused of committing many heinous crimes once morest the North Korean people. Kang (2006) argues that he should be charged for crimes of war as well as of genocide. Kang (2006) argues that although Jong Il may not commit these crimes himself, he (in one way or another) sanctions them. Kang (2006) was careful to mention that the people of North Korea were mistreated on the basis of their religion and nationality. Christians and what were described as half-Han Chinese infants fathered by Chinese or other non-Koreans fell victim to Jong Ils rule. Women, who fled to China and got pregnant there, and were later strained to return to North Korea, were forced to have abortions. In the case of religion, any one who was deemed associated with any other religion besides Juche was persecuted by Jong Il. These persons were typically those who fled to countries outside North Korea seeking refuge, and were suspected of being influenced by outside intervention. However, unfortunately for them, they were forced to return to their home land (Kang, 2006) where they paid the eventual(prenominal) penalty for their supposed spiritual fornication. According to Kang (2006)One person testified that she saw prison security officers kill several Christ ians by pouring dissolve iron on them after they refused to renounce their religion and accept the state ideology of Juche. In particular, members of underground Christian churches and persons in contact with Christian missionaries have been subjected to harsh punishment, prolonged detention without charge, torture, or execution (p.99).Jong Il is so adamant about his belief in Juche that he went to great lengths to gain compliance from all persons dwelling within his territory of rule. Kang (2006) stated that the citizens of North Korea were literally mandated to worship Jong Il and his father based on what was known as the Ten Great Principles of Unique Ideology. Persons failing to comply with this order became political or ideological criminals and were made to suffer much abuse (inclusive of rape and the deprivation of food and medicine) (Kang, 2006). No one was spared the indignation of Jong Il from the smallest and most innocent of children to the oldest of adults, were made to suffer the consequences of their perceived insubordination to Jong Il. For example, it was noted by Kang (2006) that Jong Il punished a nine year old and his family, because the child innocently scribbled over the faces of Jong Il and his father Il Sung that were printed in his text book. Neither the child nor his family was ever seen again they literally vanished off the face of the earth.The interesting thing about Jong Il is that he ensured that he was awarded compliance from his citizens by instilling fear in them. Kang (2006) noted that In addition to a cult-like mentality existing in North Korea, a culture of surveillance pervaded the North Korean society (p.56). Every individual was literally placed as from each one others watch man to ensure that each individual was living according to Jong Ils rules and/or orders. The Peoples Security Agency, the disk operating system Security Protection Agency, and the Korean Workers Party each planted their own informants in all wo rk-places and units of organization, and since no one knew who exactly was an informant, they were all forced to be on their Ps and Qs (i.e. to be on their best behavior) (Kang, 2006). All these efforts to ensure forced compliance to Jong Il illustrates that the North Korean leader is in spades a high Mach because he is more than willing to do whatever is necessary to gain his desired end (i.e. even though it agent manipulating other people as he evidently did or gaining his desires at the depreciate of other individuals).From the preceding essay, it can be deduced that Kim Jong Il is definitely the leader of a brutal dictatorship. He displays qualities of an autocrat, because he makes decisions on his own (i.e. without being opposed). The literature exposed him as one being intolerant of criticism and disfavoring of opposing opinions. Jong Il was described as a leader to which there was an unquestioning loyalty. Everything he ordered was executed by his subordinates (i.e. the pe ople over which he ruled) without question. This occurred irrespective of whether the actions were right or wrong. Jong Il was termed a high Mach because he was seen as one using the legitimacy of his power to manipulate his followers into doing precisely what he wanted them to do (i.e. without care for how his desires were poignant the persons directly involved).Jong Il utilized fear tactics to ensure that he gained the compliance he required another indicator that he would score high on the Machiavellian personality scale. Apart from severely punishing people for defying him, he placed the North Korean people against each other by making them all spies for him. The North Korean leader appeared to be a possessor of charismatic qualities (i.e. he was deemed to be one born with special qualities for a special purpose). His birth was described as supernatural in occurrence, and the activities surrounding his birth were used as a tactic to gain the desired support from his followers .Jong Il, despite his negative qualities, appears to be an effective leader because he is able to maintain the stability required in his country. He appears to be operating under the contingency ensample of leadership because his leadership style appears to be directly related to his leadership situation. However, although Jong Il appears to be an effective leader, he is one that is unethical for discordant reasons. For example, Jong Il is noted to use his power for personal gain or impact and to promote his personal vision, to censure critical or opposing views, to demand that his decisions be accepted without question, to use one-way communication, and to be insensitive to followers needs all actions that are unethical by Howell and Avolios standards.Jong Il appears to be an explicit case of the nature/nurture principle. He is believed to be endowed with certain character traits (e.g. influence and/or charisma) nature that together with his ideology (Juche) and/or trained beh avioral characteristics (authoritarianism or dictatorship) shapes his leadership style nurture. Jong Ils personality and leadership style have created a North Korea that sparks bulky interest from the outside world. Apart from them being interpreted as treacherous, it is still unfathomable how the people of North Korea, at the hands of one man, can live to accept such an inhumane political system, and comply with it unquestioningly. Could this be a case demonstrating the share power of indoctrination or is it that North Koreas leader has emerged to be so powerful and feared, because his society provides the grounds for him to do so? Some food for thought.

Pre Listening Stage English Listening Teaching

Pre audience Stage English rockening TeachingLanguage earth-closet be recognized as a media of communication, rather than the childlike complex of sound, vocabulary and grammar. English manner of speaking dogma (ELT), therefore, has long been conducted through reading, listen as receptive skills and speaking, writing as productive skills in communication. Among all the factors, audition is an essential section of verbiage competence and it indicates the comprehending of spoken phrase.During the edge, listen input is usually accompanied with opposite sounds and nighmagazines with visual input (Lynch Mendelsohn, 2002). In making sense of the earshot subjects, the con textual matter of the communication happens in and listeners relevant prior fellowship is indispensable (ibid). However, as legion(predicate) linguists reviewed, auditory modality has long been neglected until the early seventies (Morley, 2001 Brown, 1987 Rivers, 1966). It is only since then that earre ach attracts more interests from linguists and seekers. Therefore, as it is far little studied than raw(a)(prenominal) fundamental skills, auditory sense needs more research and is worth to be emphasized in ELT.II. An Overview of a Listening LessonIn the contemporary English words didactics and research, earshot is becoming more and more important. Some researchers advocate and encourage teachers to apply hearing strategies in schoolroom pedagogy and guide students to listen (Mendelsohn, 1994 Field, 1998). Listening approaches ar to a fault suggested and experienced. Harmer (1987) reviewed whatsoever basic principles of receptive skills and stated that, learners read and listen to spoken oral communication with purpose, desire and expectations. He further pointed out that, a lead-in exemplify can create expectations and perk the students motivation in the following perceive capacitys. Field (1998) proposed a diagnostic approach which involves pre- perceive, sense o f hearing and post- hearing in a comprehend course of instruction. He asserts that the approach can check and adjust students auditory modality skills through short micro- sense of hearing exercises. According to the introduction given by evade (2000), the bring of listening class can be divided into deuce-ace bes, pre-listening level, while-listening distributor point and post-listening stage.1. Pre-listening StageIt is commonly recognized that pre-listening is a preparation of the listening class. In this stage, teachers tend to arouse learners expectation and interest of the language text they are going to listen. They can as come up motivate learners by providing emphasize companionship of the text organizing learners to discuss a picture or a associate topic which involves in the text asking some related straitss to the text, and etc. In general, pre-listening free reins a region of warming-up and the briny aim of this stage is to organise learners focus thei r attention on the following while-listening stage and falloff the difficulties of the text. It is more important in its relating to and being of help to numerous other aspects which bequeath be represented later.2. While-listening StageWhile-listening is the main procedure of listening education input. In this stage, learners are given some audio frequency materials for listening. Learners whitethorn be requested to deal with some questions with the listening materials, such(prenominal) as Yes/No questions, Cloze, True/False questions and etc. Usually learners need to get along the questions simultaneously or hit none of some main points of the listening materials. Teachers, as a guide during this process channel control of the stop number of the materials, start or pause of the machine and raise some questions for discussions or give necessary explanations to help the learner comprehend the materials. Depending on the learners language level and the difficulty level of t he materials, teachers can decide the times of presenting the listening materials. The purpose of while-listening is to provide the learners with audio material input with exercises and therefore put up the learners listening competence.3. Post-listening StagePost-listening is as well an important stage as it reviews and checks the listening efficiency and result. During this stage, teachers are not only supposed to check the answers, they in addition need to lead the learners to consolidate the comprehension of the listening input. They can channelise further discussions on the listening text, explain some forward-looking legal injury and phrases, summing up appeared language rules and designing some related exercise for the learners to gird their impression about the knowledge. In addition, giving a dictation on a summary of the text may check all the assorted language points and learners mastery of knowledge. Via the first two stages, learners contract received many comp rehensible input, thus, the purpose of post-listening is to transfer these input into intake. In another word, the stage of post-listening can be considered as a transformation of language knowledge to language competence in listening teaching method section.III. The Essentiality of Pre-listening in a Listening ClassPre-listening, as the first stage of listening teaching, is long argued by linguists and teachers on its contexts and reference in the listening teaching. For example, some researchers (Buck, 1991 Cohen, 1984) suggested arrange a question preview in pre-listening stage with the priming coat that it may guide the students attention in the right direction. On the contrary, others (Ur, 1984 Weir, 1993) argued that the question preview process may distract the learners from attending to the actual input. Hence, it is worthy to clarify the status of pre-listening in classroom teaching of listening.Before analyzing the business office of pre-listening in the process of a listening class, it is useful to overview the difficulties in listening teaching initially so that the role of pre-listening stage can be further discussed.1. The Difficulties in Teaching ListeningComparing to other language competence, such as reading and writing, listening has some unique(predicate) features which could take up learners pressure and difficulty in dealing with it. They are concluded as follows (Lynch Mendelsohn, 2002 Thomson, 2005)High frequency in communication. found on the investigation of Rivers and Temperley (1978), listening takes approximately 45% of the place in communication of an individuals daily life.Passivity. Apparently, listening is considered as a totally motionless action in communication, though it is further regarded as an active process rather than its original passive role (Lynch Mendelsohn, 2002).Speediness and repeatlessness. Differ from reading, listening normally needs to process the information instantly and usually just once. It is not as flexible as in reading that readers can refer to the substances as many times as they like.Other widely-concerned aspects of natural characteristics. In the process of listening, many other aspects of language of knowledge are needed such as phonetic, vocabulary, grammar.Due to above features of listening, teaching listening was involved in an inwardness of difficulties. According to the introduction of Cherry (1957), in second and foreign language listening, most of the difficulties are caused by uncertainty which could present in the champaign of speech sounds and patterns, language and syntax, recognition of content and other influence of environment. The difficulties could order different representations in classroom teaching of listeningLearners could be spooky about a long text for the reason of lacking time to process information.Unfamiliar context and stage setting could scare the learners and fix them drop interests and patience.Learners may be influenced by new vocabularies, phonetic phenomenon, grammar structure and these affections could lower their comprehension about the text.By giving a long audio material, learners could have difficulties to concentrate on the important information.There are also some other elements in the process of listening which could confuse the learners such as different accent, background noise and assimilation, etc.2. The Functions of Pre-listening in a Listening ClassAs discussed above, pre-listening can be recognized as a stage of preparation and warming up of the whole process of listening. As some researchers (Rees,2002 Peachey,2002)review, there are a few of aims and types of pre-listening travails that enable the learners deal with the following listening text smoothly and strategically, such as to generate interest, build up confidence and facilitate comprehension. Following is the detail discussions on the functions of pre-listening.(1) Motivating learnersPeople believe Interest is the best tea cher. To arouse students interests is one of the most important conditions for a teaching process. Only when the students are interested in the contents of teaching can the efficiency of teaching and learning be guaranteed. Therefore, the first role of pre-listening is motivating learners.Underwood (1989) summarizes a variety of shipway of pre-listening work can be carried out during the classroom teaching. Some of them are suitable in motivating studentsThe teacher gives background information.Organizing the students to have a discussion about the topic or place in the upcoming text.Showing a picture which is related to the content of the text.To make the listening task interesting, the teacher also can sort the beginning position of the text and provide with some questions as a guideline for the students to guess the end or take some keywords for brainstorming.(2) pioneer current arena knowledge and acquiring new knowledgeThe main purpose of listening is to teach the knowled ge of language and help the learners to be competent in listening. Design some activities that can activate learners world knowledge will facilitate them behave better in the listening. Moreover, pre-listening can also play a role to input some new language knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary and baseingful to introduce or review the language knowledge in pre-listening session.There could be a number of ways to make this part meaningful, depends on the content of the text, the teacher canList the new vocabularies and make sure the students know the meaning and the pronunciation of each one.Introduce some phonetics knowledge which could impact on comprehension, such as jointed sounds, lost sounds and etc.Review the complex grammar rules and introduce new sentence patterns if any.Introduce some language discourse knowledge briefly.(3) prospect context and biding contentRees (2002) emphasized the importance of setting context for listeners in pre-listening session because even in exams learners have the chance to know a general idea of the listening materials. It will greatly help them to predict what they are going to learn. It will help learners to form expectancy of what they will listen and this is an important listening strategy for their future study.Listening is a difficult and complex section in language learning. Especially in foreign language teaching which has no language environment for practising, listening competence seems even harder to be developed. Thus, before presenting a long and solemn text, acquiring some listening techniques (for instance, concentrating on the stressed words, predicting the information, etc.) could be implemental for the students to deal with the task.(4) Checking the listening taskTo check with the learners if they have full catch of the task is important in pre-listening. In this procedure, the teacher is recommended to set some tasks according to the content of the text for the students. They can also directly ma ke sure with them in case misunderstanding happens and it may demotivate them.In the specific classroom activity, the task could be one or two simple questions which relate to the final or important point of the text. For example, if the main content of the text is concerned about competing for a calling, the task could be Who got the job in the end, if it is about a process of making a manufactory, the task could be designed as How many procedures are needed to make xxx.IV. The Appropriate Length of Pre-listeningBy analyzing the role and functions of pre-listening, the essentiality of pre-listening stage is undoubted and it seems that it is worthy to spend a good deal time and energy on this stage. However, the main process of listening class must be a fluent work. It does not make sense to spend as well as much time on pre-listening. The fundamental aim of pre-listening is to prepare learners behave better in while-listening.Actually, the duration of pre-listening is not fixe d in every listening class. As Rees (ibid) argues, pre-listening should take a fair proportion of a lesson but it usually depends on the teachers aim and the learners language level to decide how long it should take. Also, based on the different backgrounds of the texts (length, difficulty, genre, etc.) and the level of the learners (beginning, intermediate, advanced, etc.), the type and length of pre-listening can be various. For example, if the content of the text is easy to understand, teachers do not need to spend too much time on basic language knowledge teaching any more if the students are advanced learners, it is unnecessary to spend much time on pre-listening part for the reason that they have already have enough language basis and may be confident in what they are going to listen. On the contrary, if the learners are at beginning level, the pre-listening part is supposed to be longer. In addition, a very short listening task can be prepared by simply presenting some(preno minal) sentences to clarify the situation of the listening or the necessary information in which the length of pre-listening can be very short. Therefore, pre-listening is rather flexible and the length can be based on the specific aim and situation.Via analyzing the role of pre-listening in a listening lesson and its relationship with the other two stages, it shows that well-arranged pre-listening activities are essential for listening comprehension.V. ConclusionListening is an essential competence in language teaching and learning. On account of the features of listening teaching and the role of pre-listening stage, it is vital to design and arrange appropriate pre-listening activities in a listening lesson. A well-planned pre-listening activity could prepare the students to deal with the listening text smoothly. It is also helpful to build up students confidence and motivate them to listen. During the pre-listening process, teachers can take the opportunity to introduce world kno wledge and related language knowledge related to the text. Moreover, it devotes to fulfill the whole process of a listening lesson in making the work more effective and efficient. However, even though pre-listening plays a significant role in the whole listening process, it does not mean that it needs to occupy too much time in the classroom teaching. The length of pre-listening part could be flexible in different circumstance.Based on the analysis of the features and aim of listening teaching and the role of pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening stage in a listening lesson respectively, a successful listening class is recommended to include following elementsThe audio materials are appropriate for the learners in length, hie and difficulty.The students are well motivated before listening to the text.The aim and forms of the listening task is clarified to students.The length of each stage are well arranged and closely connected with each other.The old saying goes, soun dly begun is half done. As the warming-up of formal listening process, pre-listening should be well-organized and emphasized to play its role of stimulating students motivation and expectations for the text. Hence, more investigation should be rivet on designing optimizing pre-listening activities in order to facilitate the listening teaching in ELT.

Supplier Selection Process in the Aerospace Sector

provider Selection Process in the Aerospace SectorExecutive compendThe ever increasing competition in global commercialises today has direct billetes and companies to find unalike severalises for reducing doing and manufacturing be in put in to maintain their competitive edge. The competition has no foresighteder remained ac follow to telephoner but has become proviso chain to supply chain. From a emptors status a qualified provider is a refer factor to precipitate costs. Thus provider picking and evaluation has gained vital importance in the supply chain management environment. It is extremely essential to develop a supplier infusion i hump which is efficient, effective and considers all the aspects required by the company.A twist of supplier survival of the fittest modes be available in the flow put in literature. Creating a mildew establish on these methods that addresses the particular requirements of the company is vital. The by-line paper is in 5 divisions. The literature round off in the first section is on the dissimilar methods for supplier endurance and evaluation. The following methods ar reviewed.Mathematical ProgrammingData Envelopment Analysis analytic power structure Processanalyticalal Neural Ne dickensrkFuzzy repair theoryAlong with the review of the methods a discussion on the development of supplier survival of the fittest criteria is also intromit in the first section. In the second section, both existing supplier woof mock ups in the aerospace celestial sphere attain been critically reviewed. The description of the Aerospace industry and comparison in the midst of the two models is included in the third section. To de vergeine the essential criteria to be included in the model and prioritizing them, the research methodology utilize was a check into design. The results of the survey are included in the fourth section. The fifth section contains recommendations for building a fresh model fo r supplier look ation in the aerospace sector.Introduction matchless of the major topics discussed in or so of the production and trading operations management literature is supplier take awayion and mental do work evaluation of suppliers. It is mavin of the most(prenominal) critical activities of firms due to the increasing signifi ejectce of the buy run short (De Boer et al., 2001). The main intent of a supplier pick attend to is to maximize boilers suit value to the purchaser, reduce the purchase risk and develop a close and long term relationship between the buyer and supplier. supplier infusion is a multi- measuring stick decision fashioning line of work and a subdue of conflicting factors affect its outcome. The factors runn into experimental condition are wide ranged and are twain quantitative as well as qualitative (Ho et al., 2009). available research offers a range of methods and techniques in the form of models which pile corroboration the suppli er selection decision qualification. A get along of supplier selection methods have been proposed such as entropy envelopment epitome (DEA), analytic power structure process (AHP), mathematical programing, woolly come down theory and black set theory, multi attribute rating clays etc. A literature review of international journal articles discussing different multi-criteria supplier selection methods is carried out in this paper. The methods that are prevalently substance abuse in practice, the priority of the evaluating criteria and evolution of selection criteria are also discussed and reviewed. The aim of this paper is to carry out a literature review of the various methods and criteria for supplier selection available in the current literature, in rule to produce a set of recommendations for building a stark naked model for the supplier selection process in the aerospace sector. To contact this, two supplier selection models were critically reviewed, sensation o f which is currently implemented in an aerospace industry and the hot(prenominal) one is a theoretical model. A survey on global sourcing and supplier selection process containing 25 questions on various aspects of strategic sourcing was also carried out in parade to identify the different characteristics that influence sourcing decisions.Supplier selection methodsSupplier selection methods or techniques are the models which are utilize by decision pull backrs to post the supplier selection process. They act as supporting tools for the selection process. The selection of an appropriate method is essential for the overall selection process and whoremaster signifi muckletly influence the outcome of the selection results (Li et al., 1997). There are sum of supplier selection methods available in the literatures.Mathematical Programming (MP)MP allows the formulation of the decision problem in the form of a mathematical accusatory function which studys to be minimised or maximi zed depending on the objective function by varying the set of the variables. It is an optimization method which selects a yield of suppliers in articulate to maximize either a one criteria or multi criteria objective function subjected to supplier or buyer constraints (DeBoer et al., 2001).Talluri and Narasimhan (2003) use mathematical programming in the form of a linear programming model to first minimise and w therefore maximise the achievement of the suppliers against the opera hat target greenbacks set by the buyers, olibanum providing a wide-ranging instinct of supplier performance. The actors utilise this model considering a set of cardinal suppliers to a Fortune 500 Pharmaceutical company in the process of implementing a JIT trunk. They regarded price, property and manner of speaking as the top terce criteria for evaluating the suppliers. One of the key features of this max-min start was that it could identify a set of suppliers with identical characteristic s, olibanum providing the buyer with effective alternates to make their final decision. For the supplier selection problem Ng (2008) unfeigned a cargoed linear programming model with an objective function of maximizing supplier score. He implemented the model considering 18 suppliers to a manufacturing firm producing agriculture and verbalism equipment. He included cinquer criteria namely quality, supply variety, oral communication, distance and price. In order to maximise the tax function Hong et al. (2005) developed a mixed integer linear model to optimize the occur of suppliers and order quantity. He apply the model to the supply chain of the agriculture industry in Korea as the customer hire varied seasonally over a period of period. Similarly OBrien et al. (2001) created a mixed integer non-linear model to optimize the allocation of products to suppliers so minimizing the annual get costs. Narasimhan et al. (2006) and Wadwa et al. (2007) constructed theoretical multi-objective programming models to optimize supplier selection and order quantity and to minimise lead period, price and way out of rejects. Karpak et al. (1999) constructed a terminal programming model and applied it to an international manufacturing firm to minimise costs and maximise quality and delivery reliability for selection of suppliers and allocation of products between them. The causes considered cost, quality and delivery reliability as the criteria for supplier evaluation.On one hand Mathematical programming is advantageous as compared to the separate approaches as it takes into nib all the constraints during the formulation of the problem. Hence it is much easier to work when a large name of constraints are considered. It can also be used for multiple supplier selection as the current situation can be taken into accounting system in an MP model. On the other hand some of the drawbacks of using an MP model are that it frequently only considers the more tha n quantitative criteria neglecting the qualitative criteria which are classical in supplier selection especially when the goal is to build supplier partnership. just about of the theoretical MP models are complicated to build for the supplier selection problem, due to the large number of variables, but as it can be seen from the above mentioned examples, they can be implemented in an industry as they can be simulated and solved by computers. They are non considered as the most effective method for seller evaluation as they do non take into account qualitative factors and are unequal to(p) of performing a qualitative analysis which is an important aspect of the supplier selection process, thus limiting their use.Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)The fantasy of DEA is constructed on the basis of calculating the efficiency of the decision alternates or suppliers. The DEA is a non-parametric method the circulars the efficiency without specifying the form of the production function or the weights of different inputs and outputs. The efficiencies are taxd on the basis of benefits as output and cost as the input criteria (DeBoer et al., 2001). The efficiency of a supplier can be be as the ratio of the weighted sum of the suppliers outputs to the weighted sum of his inputs, thus the DEA method manoeuvers the most favourable set of weights for all(prenominal) supplier alternative classifying them into efficient and inefficient suppliers. The favourable set of weights that are calculated maximise the supplier efficiency ratings without altering its own rating or making the other suppliers efficiency ratings more than one (DeBoer et al., 2001).In order to measure the efficiency of alternative suppliers Braglia and Petroni (2000) applied the DEA method by proposing nine evaluating factors to measure the supplier ratings. The actors applied their proposed methodology to the supplier selection process of a middle-sized company manufacturing bottling machinery to t est its efficiency. They also calculated the Cross efficiencies in which the weights elect for a particular supplier can be applied to the weights of the inputs and outputs of the other suppliers as well as Maverick index which is the percentage congener divagation between cross efficiency and open efficiency in order to avoid the selection of false positive supplier. Talluri and Barker (2002) and Talluri and Sarkis (2002) applied DEA to tax suppliers, manufacturers and distributors as a terce phase approach for a logistics distribution crystalizework. They also employed the DEA to measure the performance of the suppliers using six evaluating factors having two inputs and four outputs. Ross et al. (2006) evaluated the supplier performance with respect to the performance attributes of both buyer and supplier by using DEA. The author carried out three sensitivity analysis the first one computed supplier efficiency slews without victorious into account the evaluation teams and the buyers weights. The second analysis considered the evaluation taking into account the teams preferences and the third analysis considered the buyers preference.Liu et al. (2000) constructed a DEA model to evaluate the overall performance of a supplier considering three inputs namely price index, delivery performance and distance factor and two outputs which were supply variety and quality. The authors applied the DEA model to a firm manufacturing agriculture and construction equipment containing a multi modal auxiliary assembly line. The model could select suppliers with a high supply variety, thus reducing the number of suppliers. Seydel et al. (2006) developed a DEA model to evaluate engineering suppliers considering three factors. He included amount of know-how transfer as a qualitative factor in the model. The author developed a five point scale to rank the suppliers in term of the qualitative factor.The DEA method provides a means to evaluate and select suppliers on the ba sis of their performance over a period of time. It compares supplier performance in a multi metre setting thus allowing the purchasing firm to evaluate each suppliers performance sexual intercourse to the performance of the best supplier in the market by calculating the efficiency measures. Observed supplier performance info is used in a DEA method, thus the purchasing firm does non have to calculate its own utility functions as is required in the other techniques. Some of the limitations of the DEA approach are that its focus is not on selection an optimal supplier as the other mathematical programming models hence it cannot be used if the purchasing firm requires the selection of an optimal supplier. The DEA model also makes some assumptions like any other supplier selection model thus limiting its use. (Garfamy et al., 2006)Evolution of the Analytic pecking order Process (AHP)Linear Weighting ModelWeights are assigned to the criteria with the largest weight cor opposeing t o the highest priority, in a linear weighted model. The ratings of the criteria are and then multiplied with their respective weights and the sum of weights is assigned to each supplier, thus the supplier with the highest overall rating can be selected. There are a few imprecisions in the rating mechanism such as obstruction to determine the score of a supplier on a banner or importance of some metre with a high breaker point of precision. To overcome these imprecisions the use of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was proposed (DeBoer et al., 2001).Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThe AHP is a decision making method first introduced by Saaty (1980) which prioritizes alternatives or suppliers when considering multiple criteria, thus allowing the decision maker to restructure multiplex problems in the form of a set of incorporate directs or a hierarchy. It is one of the most commonly applied methods in practice as it incorporates qualitative as well as quantitative criteria and is rel atively simple to understand. Various adaptations of AHP have been developed since its introduction.Muralidharan et al. (2002) developed an AHP model consisting of five stages to rate and select suppliers considering nine criteria. Some of the major criteria that the author considered were quality, delivery, price and technical foul ability. The model was then applied to the supplier selection process to evaluate six suppliers of a leading organization manufacturing bicycles. Liu and Hai (2005) created an AHP model and used Noguchis voter turnout and ranking system thus allowing each manager to determine the order of criteria kind of of weights for the selection and evaluation of suppliers. They used a six feeling process for supplier evaluation and considered eight criteria in their analysis, some of them be quality, responsiveness, delivery, technical capabilities etc. The authors applied this model for selecting one of ten suppliers for the umbrella Scheme of Malaysias furnit ure industry.Chan and Chan (2004) constructed an AHP model considering six criteria namely cost, delivery, flexibility, innovation, quality and dish out with cardinal sub-factors among them. They applied the model to the supplier selection process of a leading company that manufactures and supplies semiconductor assembly equipment assuming that the supplier had to be chosen for a critical product. The relative priority ratings were calculated based on customer or buyer requirements. Hou et al (2007) developed a decision support system based on AHP in a mass customization environment considering internal and external factors to meet market requirements. The author applied the model to the selection process of a subsidiary company of a local Chinese printer manufacturer. Chan (2003) created an AHP based interactive selection model which determined the relative importance of evaluating criteria without being subjected to human judgment. The AHP model can also be integrated with other supplier selection models in order to achieve optimized selection results.Ramanathan (2007) suggested that the qualitative and quantitative reading gained from the total cost of will power model and AHP model can be utilized to evaluate the performance of a supplier using the DEA method. The author considered the costs from total cost of ownership as inputs and the weights gained from the AHP method as outputs. Sevkle et al. (2007) applied the AHP-DEA integrated method to solve the supplier selection problem of a major Turkish TV manufacturer BEKO, in which he used AHP to derive local weights from a given comparison ground substance and summed up the local weights to get the overall weights. In order to calculate the efficiency scores of all the suppliers DEA was used on the decision making units. Percin (2006) applied integrated AHP-GP method, where AHP was used to measure the priority weightings of alternate suppliers considering twenty evaluating factors. The author used the weightings obtained by AHP Goal programming method as the coefficients for five objective functions. The integrated model was used to optimize the order quantity from the most appropriate supplier considering the capacities of the suppliers.Mendoza et al. (2008) offered an integrated AHP- GP model in order to reduce a large number of potential drop suppliers to a manageable figure. He ranked the alternatives considering five evaluating criteria to optimize the order quantity. Xia and Wu (2007) applied the AHP model to calculate the performance scores of potential suppliers. The authors then applied the scores as coefficients of one of the four objective functions in a multi-objective mixed integer programming model. The model was developed in order to determine the optimal number of suppliers and to select the best set of suppliers.Some of the advantages of AHP method are as follows (Chan et al., 2003)The system can be represented in a hierarchal manner to explain the changes in p riority and its effect at upper and land levels.The desired performance of the supplier is characterized by hierarchical selection criteria viz. the management of the suppliers is wear if the suppliers performance is evident to the buyer.It utilizes multiple paired comparisons of criteria to rank order alternatives and it is the most exceptional Multi- bar decision making approach.Efficiently progresses through modular construction and final assembly of modules than those assembled as a whole, this is known as hierarchical assembly of natural systems.Identifies the key elements assisting in making more broad(a) business decisions and is a structured method which obtains information from target respondents (decision makers or experts).It provides information regarding the structure and function of a system in the lower levels of the hierarchy and gives the outline of the criteria and their purposes in the upper levels. Limitations on the elements in a level are best denoted in th e next higher level to ensure they are satisfied.It has stability and flexibility, stability as small changes have small effects and flexible in the sense that the performance is not hampered if there are any additions to a well structured hierarchyDisadvantages (Chan et al., 2003)Most of the supplier selection problems do not have a single hierarchy.Utilization of this statistical method is complicated for most of the users and this makes the process unmanageable.It is not cost effective to procure the essential information i.e. due to lack of information /willingness to compare two alternatives with respect to some criterion the supposition of comparability is invalid.To reach an agreement with the team members by reviewing the models is time consuming.The presumption that the relative importance of criteria affects the suppliers performance is definite which cannot effectively take into account the risk and skepticism in assessment of suppliers potential performance.Analytic net work process (ANP)Sarkis and Talluri (2000) suggested the use of analytic network process, which was a more sophisticated version of the AHP method. The authors believed that the supplier evaluating factors could influence each other and this interdependence needed to be considered in the process. They applied the ANP process to evaluate and select suppliers in a company manufacturing custom-designed high technology metal-based products, considering organizational factors and strategic performance matrix. The model included seven evaluating criteria namely cost, quality, flexibility, delivery time etc. also considering their interdependencies. Bayazit (2006) implemented an ANP model considering ten evaluating criteria. Some of the important criteria included were on time delivery, quality, flexibility and delivery lead time. He classified the criteria into supplier performance and capabilities practice bundlings and the interdependencies among them were formulated by considering e ach cluster as a controlling factor for a pair sassy comparison matrix.Demirtas and Ustun (2008) developed an integrated model in which they used ANP to evaluate the performance of potential suppliers considering 14 criteria. The weights were then considered in one of the three objective functions of a multi-objective mixed integer programming model. Similarly the authors integrated the ANP and the GP methods of supplier selection and evaluation in 2009. The only difference to the previous model was that there were four goals in the GP model. Gencer et al. (2007) developed ANP model considering various evaluating criteria. He classified them into three clusters to take into account their interrelationships to evaluate and select the most appropriate supplier.Some major advantages of ANP process over AHP are that ANP provides with additional insight as most of the real world supplier selection problems have interdependencies among the evaluating criteria. It also incorporates both q ualitative as well as quantitative factors which are important in supplier selection. The ANP method can deal with various uncertainties and coordination compoundities as it makes use of ratio scales to incorporate a variety of interactions. In spite of the advantages, the ANP method does have a few limitations as it is a very complex method and requires additional effort and time as compared to AHP.Fuzzy fixate TheoryThe wooly-minded set theory is used to model uncertainty and imprecision in the supplier selection situation. Fuzzy set systems make use of linguistic rules which are very well suited to strike the behavior of practical problems. In most of the real world applications, addled rules are created by the decision makers with a few input variables. When the number of input variables increases, the possible number of bleary-eyed rules for a particular system increases exponentially. It is rather difficult for the decision maker to generate a terminate set of rules to assess the supplier selection system (Chan et al., 2006).Chan et al. (2006) presented a hierarchy model based on the fuzzy set theory which could deal with both quantitative and qualitative criteria. The author used linguistic value to assess the ratings and the weights for the evaluation factors. The ratings were arranged in triangular fuzzy numbers. They created a hierarchical structure of the decision problem and applied the model to a high technology manufacturing company to select a suitable supplier to supply material for key components of a new product. Sarkar and Mohapatra (2006) used a fuzzy set method to eliminate the imprecision in a number of subjective characteristics of suppliers. The authors evaluated and selected the suppliers on the basis of performance and capabilities as the two major measures for evaluation. They considered a hypothetical case to exemplify their model by considering a pool of ten suppliers and the goal being to reduce that number and select the b est two suppliers.Kahraman et al. (2003) applied the integrated fuzzy AHP approach to select the most appropriate supplier for the biggest white goods manufacture in Europe to supply the plastic part scroll housing for their new model of aspirators. In this model the decision makers could specify their preferences in term of linguistic variables regarding the priority of each evaluating criteria. Chan and Kumar (2007) also applied a fuzzy AHP methodology for selection of suppliers. The authors used triangular fuzzy numbers and fuzzy synthetic extent analysis methods to choose the final priorities of different criteria. The authors applied the model to the supplier selection process of a manufacturing company to select the best global supplier for one of their critical parts used in the assembling process. The criteria considered in the model for evaluation were overall cost, quality of product, service performance, supplier profile and risk factors.Amid et al. (2006) formulated an integrated fuzzy multi-objective linear programming model which took into account the vagueness and imprecision of the input data in order to optimize the order quantity. The author developed an algorithm to solve the model which incorporated three objective functions with different weights. They considered a hypothetical case to select three suppliers for supplying a new product to a market. The purchasing criteria considered for the model were net price, quality, service and capacity. The author also formulated a fuzzy multi-objective mixed integer programming model which was similar to the earlier model but it also took into account the quantity discount. The price discount was directly proportional to the quantities ordered (Amid et al, 2006).One of the primary advantages of using fuzzy set theory for supplier selection is that it makes use of linguistic variables, which are highly beneficial when the performance values cannot be expresses in terms of means of the numerical val ues. Thus, taking into consideration the uncertainty and imprecision of the quantitative data gathered by the purchasing company or provided by the supplier. It is beneficial and easier to use linguistic variables instead of numerical values while assessing potential suppliers with respect to criteria and weights. A special fuzzy set theory is capable of handling both qualitative as well as quantitative data ratings and is flexible in use, which is an added advantage (Chan et al, 2006). Some of the disadvantages of fuzzy set theory are that the analysis is based on the theory and not exploratory data hence validation of the data may be required. It is a subjective methodology, thus justification for each step is necessary. As the number of variables increase the complexness increases, thus requiring a number of procedures in the sub-systems of the methodology.Other MethodsA number of other methodologies exist for the supplier selection problem such as artificial intelligence and ex pert systems which includes case based reasoning (Choy et al, 2005 2002 Humphreys et al, 2003) and Bayesian belief networks (Kreng et al, 2003). Multi-criteria decision methods which include outranking methods (DeBoer et al, 1998 Dulmin et al, 2003), judgmental modeling (DaSilva et al., 2002 Naude and Lockett, 1993), interpretive geomorphologic modeling (Mandal and Deshmukh, 1994) and categorical methods (Houshyar and Lyth, 1992). Multivariate statistical analysis that incorporates structural equation modeling (Lin et al., 2005 Tracey and Tan, 2001), Factor analysis (Krause et al., 2001 Tracey and Tan, 2001) and confidence interval approach (Muralidharan et al., 2001). conclave decision methods (Han and Ahn, 2005 Mandal and Deshmukh, 1994) and multiple integrated methods also exist for supplier selection. all in all the methods that are utilized for selections of suppliers have their own advantages and disadvantages. No method can be said to be the perfect method which covers all aspects of the entire selection process. Modifications and rises can be made to every method in according to the requirements of the decision makers. The selection process can be ameliorate by integrating different techniques in order to negate the limitations of the techniques taken individually. Considering this procedure, the fuzzy integrated AHP model and the DEA integrated ANN model are relatively the best combination of methods that can be implemented for supplier selection.Supplier Selection CriteriaEvolution of supplier selection criteriaA number of criteria need to be considered for the supplier selection decision making process which makes the selection of suppliers a complicated practice. Since the early 1960s, practitioners and academics have been focusing on the analysis of supplier selection criteria and measurement of supplier performance. Dickson et al, (1966) suggested From the purchasing literature is moderately easy to abstract a list of at least 50 distinct f actors that are presented by various authors as being meaningful to consider in a vendor selection decision?. In his work he carried out a survey to identify the most important criteria required for the selection of suppliers. The author came up with 23 criteria and their relative importance for vendor selection. The following table summarizes the 23 criteria and their level of importance.weber et al. (1991) conducted a similar study on the bases of the 23 criteria identified by Dickson (1966). The authors reviewed and classified 74 related articles appearing between 1966 and 1990. Their study provided a clear indication of the issues concerning selection of suppliers. Both the studies indicated net price, quality, delivery and production facility and capacity as the top 4 criteria for supplier evaluation. These two studies were the primary studies done on supplier selection criteria and were the bases of a number of papers in the forthcoming years.A number of changes at a profound level have taken place in the business environment, including purchasing and procurement since Weber et al.s work in 1991. The basic definitions of Dicksons 23 criteria have undergone change and expansion and new criteria have emerged due to a substantial growth in business and supply chain necessarily. Dickson (1966) define net price as price offered by each vendor including discounts and freight charges. In the development of the net price criteria, the term net price had been replacement by the term cost which includes a number of costs such as fixed cost, inventory costs, ordering costs, supplier costs and costs associated with quality, after-sales and technology (Current and Weber, 1994). The term total cost of ownership has also become important in recent times which include not only the purchasing price but also purchasing related costs (Bhutta et al, 2002).The delivery criterion was defined by Dickson (1966) as the ability of each vendor to meet specified delivery schedule s. The delivery criterion has now been developed to incorporate lead time, cycle time, encumbrance quantity and quality, delivery capacity etc (Karpak et al, 1999). According to Dickson quality was defined as the ability of each vendor to meet quality specifications consistently. The quality criterion has now been extended to include inspections and certain specifications such as the ISO9001 system (Lee et al, 2003)In addition to the evolution and development of the basic criteria a number of new criteria have emerged in literature from various authors. Some of the new criteria are flexibility, which includes process and production flexibility, response to change, responsiveness to customer needs (Ghodsypour et al, 2001), flexibility to change the order and order quantity and ability to respond to fluctuating demand (Verma et al, 1998). A product design and development criterion consists of commitment to continuous improvement, product development and improvement, design capabiliti es and continuous improvement in product and process (Chan et al, 2003). Supplier relationship is another criterion that has gained importance in recent years due to integration of various sections of supply chain. Supplier relationship has two aspects, strategic and tactical. The criterion can be sub divided into 4 sections namely strategic long term relationship, tactical long term relationship, strategic short term relationship and tactical short term relationship. Due to the growth in the businesses, buying firms prefer to integrate the suppliers in their supply chain, thus forming a strategic long term alliance with their supplier

Evian bottled water brand in the US market

Evian bottled wet provoker in the US foodstuff1. fiber overviewAlthough it has achieved great success in a nonher(prenominal) part of the human beings, the Danone and its Evian bottled piddle distinguish are cladding signifi bottomlandt pressure while handling the U.S. trade. later on the genus Cola giants black eye and Pepsi set up their take bottled water strike outs, Dasani and Aquafina, Danone is the tot four in the U.S. marketplace with only a 3.5% market component part in 2001. Danone is facing two main problems when bay windowing with the U.S. market. Firstly, the U.S. nodes do non sham the aid on the Evian brand, they care less ab come out the oddball of the bottled water and prefer cheaper water like Aquafina or Dasani. Then, the distribute governance in U.S. market is quite different from that in Europe. To carry out a scheme for its further production line in the U.S., Danone made the outgrowth agreements in April 2002 with one of its most powe rful opponents Coca-Cola to let Coke record tending of the Evian brand in North America. Coca-Cola allow supporter Danone at bottom the distribution and market performance, and will quarter incentives in return of the one-year sales growth of Evian bottled water. The second agreement carried in June 2002 is mainly intimately the two companies announced a joint venture. Danone will contributes license for spend several value brands and production facilities, while Coca-Cola pays cash for ownership intimacy and provide management. Coca-Cola inevitably to help achieve a guaranteed profit level however, the penalty is not clear.The alliance of the two companies provokes debates about whether it is a guidance to improve sales condition or it is a sign of Danones summary quit from the U.S. bottled water market. What is the right decision for Danone remains to be proved.2. why Evians market persona in the U.S. kept falling after the dope giants start their bottled water bran ds in the late 1980s?The Japanese strategian Kenichi Ohmae developed the 3Cs Model indicated three main players that are necessary for happy business schema the corporation, the customer, and the competitors. (Kenichi Ohmae, 1982)When mention the competitors, Coke and Pepsi who sell purified water that repress extra handling and transport woos, enjoy often lower represent than Evian does. Meanwhile, their distribution systems are well developed thanks to their successful in operation(p) on other beverage such as cola. The result is that they screwing attain their cheaper products on more(prenominal) shelves quickly. What is more, as Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Nestl are all well-known(a) companies throughout the America, not only their products quality are guaranteed, but alike their bottled water brands do not need too much promotion.For the customer part, in the European market where Danone has achieved great success, the customers understand the differences between glacier -sources water and purified water or tap water. They are willing to pay the subvention terms to purchase the consistent quality and taste of bottled water. But the U.S. customers see to ignore the classifications of bottled water, and they are extreme price-sensitivity, their first choice is often the cheapest water on the store shelves.Obviously, the Danone Corporation itself has done quite hardly a(prenominal) when facing the hard situation. The high society was not well prepared for the entry of cola giants at the beginning. The former achievement within other part of the world especially in Europe makes the company blind worship its Danone business equation and refused to change its business strategy to fit the U.S. market. Also, Danone did not acquaint its innovative products which are very popular in the European market, and few market activities such as advertises are mentioned to introduced to encourage the U.S. market accept the glacier premium.3. Positive and ostra cize sides of Danones strategy of running business on its own in the U.S. market.Generally speaking, one advantage of going it alone strategy is it will help keeping the companys national, historical and family pride. The following will prove the pros and cons of two parts of this remaining one single business entity strategy respectively.The first part is to admit that the Evian brand is not a U.S. market attraction but a niche product which is a game-end premium bottled water with the label of health. As the U.S. bottled water market determines the market leader by price and logistics, Evian has to make full use of its nature of unequalled pristine qualities to provide higher-margin product for specialised customers who understand and appreciate the price premium of bottled water which has better resource and quality. Such customer posterior be created by purposeful marketing and advertising. Though the group size of it of these customers efficiency be not so big, the sale profit can be guaranteed by the higher sale price. Clearly, segmentation will help the company focus its strategy but the development of broad-brand equity energy be inhibited.The second part is about to place its locally-sourced spring water argue against the Big Three of the U.S. bottled water market in the mid-market which has high sale volume and is price-driven. This plan sounds a good way for Danone to get the lost market share back in the U.S. The defect of this strategy is that large sum of investment need to be paid for getting the production facilities and distribution systems, the cost-recovery, however, would take a very long-time. Since the result of compete against Nestl and cola giants in the U.S. market are not so pellucidness or even optimistic, this plan is unsuitable for Danone. Besides, manage large shape of new employees for production and distribution would be another problem for the company.4. The issuance of Danone give up the whole U.S. bottled water m arket.The impact of keeping Evian brand only as a niche player in the U.S. market has been cited before as only a smaller group of specialized customers will be considered as target, and Evian will be redefined as a high-end premium bottled water in the market.There are many other ramifications of Danones getting out of the U.S. market.Firstly, since there is no report of red in the American market, it keeps createing money for the company though not as much as other market does, abandon the U.S. market means the company will lose the market share and profit from the market.Secondly, the company has to deal with assets and employees that will no longer working for the corporation. Since there are only a few potential buyers for these assets, powerful buyers can minimize their cost of purchase. Thus the company may suffer a sizeable loss on that.Thirdly, leaving the U.S. market might be a negative signal to other markets and its stakeholders that the company is ineffectual to handl e such a profitable market. The direct result may reflect on its share price which will experience a significant fall. What is more, the exiting strategy will blemish the value and goodwill of both Evian brand and the Danone Group and it is not good news for the companys business in other market.Finally, once exit, the get into to the market will be much tougher. While remain in the market helps keep the long-term opportunities for the company, it is really difficult for any foreign company to find a chance to get in and earn money.5. Comment on the joint ventures with Coca-Cola.Clearly, the joint ventures with the cola giant have many advantages. To be specific, since the Danones strategy and market method cannot meet the needs of the U.S. market, shifting the marketing and distribution control to a company that has more success experience is sensible. With the help of Coke with the marketing and delivery, Danones products can live a sizeable increase in sell. Besides, as Coca-C ola take charge of those Danones business in the America, the saved resources including marketing and managing expenses and human resources can be put into other markets which are more likely to gain success. In addition, the Evians brand image of high-end will be maintained according to the marketing strategy of the joint ventures. In other words, to remain the corporation and its products in the U.S. market with the sale volume growth guarantee provided by Coke is a safe game for Danone.However, there are some inordinate factors within the joint ventures. First, as is mentioned in the case, no punishment of Cokes unable to achieve the sale promise is unclear, what if the Danone products keep losing market share? Second, as Coca-Cola gets 51% of the ownership, Danones suggestions might be so weak while make important decisions. Besides, there seems to be an overlap between Cokes bottled water Dasani and Danones Danone brand spring water, so it is doubtful the cola giant is willing to fill the sale growth of its joint ventures partners at the expense of its own products.In sum, the cooperation with Coca-Cola is the most ideal way for Danone when handling the U.S. market, but the result might not so ideal because of those internal and external (i.e. economic and market changes) uncertainties.BibliographyOhmae, K. (1982). The mind of the strategist the art of Japanese business. New York McGraw-Hill.Kotabe, M Helsen, K. (2008). world(a) marketing management. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Computers In Society :: essays research papers fc

Computers project nice and bad effects on society. This essay deals with both aspects of computers. This paper exclusivelyow deal with two words that have been written about computers. One term deals with the positive side of computers and the separate deals with the negative side of computers. Negative do of Computers Schengili-Roberts, Keith. "Holmolka Trial On BBS Raises Information Access Issues". Computer Paper, The. January 1994. pg. 12. This article deals with the fact that even though information on the Karla Holmolka-Teale audition has formally been ban by the Canadian government, it is still accessible to many Canadians. It is in truth easy to get a hold of this sensible. Anyone with a computer, modem, and some fall by the wayside time could most likely get a hold of this information. The salute transcripts, transcripts of the A Current Affair episode that was banned in Canada, and other articles from other earthly concernations banned in Canada are a ccessible from local BBSes, Internet, or by calling long distance to a BBS in the US or Europe. Also, Internet, a computer network of BBSes established all over the world, has various chat bases set up for people to treat the information. People can withal get the information by having it send to them from friends or relatives living outside of Canada. While it is not illegal to have this information, it is illegal to have for the purpose of distribution. The reason that the above information was banned in Canada is so that Karla Holmolka-Teales husband, Paul, is assured a fair trial. The lawyers, court, etc., were afraid that if the public found out about the court proceedings, they would make up their oral sex about Pauls innocence before he was given a trial and therefore, finding an un-biased jury would be next too impossible. Another riddle with computers and modems is the distribution of X rated pictures and other pornographic material through the ring lines. Even though there are adult BBSes dealing strictly with this material, many other BBSes that do not restrict memberships to certain eon groups have it available too. The children would then be able to receive this material by just lying about their age to the Sys-Op (System-Operators). This poses a line for society and the government. It shows us that almost all information is accessible as long as you have a computer and a modem. It also tells us that information bans many times dont work and that there pass on almost always be an information leak.

Essay --

Suicide is a permanent solution to what is frequently a temporary problem. Suicide not only affects the individual however it in addition affects all the raft that surround that genius individual who perpetrate self-annihilation. When a person decides he/she compulsions to die they commit this act. But, when a person attempts felo-de-se and is unsuccessful this sack up lead to that individual to be in more pain to include broken bones to brain damage. An unsuccessful, suicide attempt toilet cause the person to sink further into notion as well. There are many contributing factors when dealing with individual who pauperizations to commit suicide but there are also a few myths that are associated with suicide as well. When flock talk close to committing suicide to another person this does not necessarily mean that they want to kill themselves, but it righteous might be that they are reaching out or crying for help. There are many distinct myths associated with suici de. Myths like people who talk about suicide are just trying to get attention from suicide occurring without warning and suicidal people not wanting to die. To identify theses myths one must understand why someone would want to end their life.With over 38,000 suicides in 2010 The Center for unhealthiness Control and Prevention claims that is an average of 105 each day. There is one suicide for every 25 attempted suicides and suicide results in an estimated $34.6 cardinal in combined medical and work-loss costs. (States News Service) People who want to commit suicide can attribute these thoughts to many factors. Factors like family annals of suicide, attempted suicide and depression, alcohol and drug problems also contribute to the thoughts of suicide. process of monition signs are identified in many different ways and they also change with age... ... Did he want to die? His mind was not in so far matured as most teenagers minds are. He just wanted the intuitive feeling of loss to stop. That was his cry for help. Luckily, it was only for a short time. According to the mayo Clinic, information was released relating to debunking certain myths about suicide. The majority of people contemplating suicide dont really want to die. They are seeking an end to intense psychological and/or physical pain. Most have a treatable mental illness. Interventions can save lives. (States News Service)Suicide is a very terrible condition that affects the lives of not only the individual who commits suicide, but it affects all the people who are involved with that individual. When we can separate the facts from the myths about suicide, we could possibly stop a suicide and save someones life. Everyone should know the facts, it can save a life.

The Anxiety of Anti-Anxiety Medications Essay -- Biology Essays Resear

The apprehension of Anti-Anxiety Medications 19 million Americans (approximately one in eight) aged 18-54 suffer from solicitude disorders. (1) When I heard this statistic, I cognize how important the discussion of such disorders was to the sciences. 1/8th of the most creative stack of the US population suffers from an anxiety disorder. The interior(a) Institute of mental wellness (NIMH), a division of the Institutes of Health for the Federal Government, is committed to explore causes and treatment of such disorders. (2) Progress has been made, comparing studies of animals to studies of humans, in pinpointing the specific areas of the point. Anxiety is associated with misgiving- fear of a specific object or situation, generalized fear and worry, recurring fearful memories, etc. The NIMH has found that a specific portion of the brain, the amygdala, controls the bodys automatic response to fear. When the brain is confronted with fear, the brain takes two course of action. O ne, the brain transmits information to the cerebral cortex (the thinking part of the brain) to inform it of what specifically is endangering the individual. Second, the brain transmits to the amygdala the same information, so that the body might cabal for action. Beyond this information, not much is known regarding the causes or mechanics of anxiety. Granted, mind which portions of the brain are affected by or control anxiety is an important step. However, not much conclusive evidence or efficacious conclusions have been reached regarding anxiety. With this information in mind, I began thinking of my personal experiences with anxiety. On one occasion I went to the emergency room, expressing the inability to breathe and dizziness. It was reason out that I ... ... the brain, assuming the medications directly treat anxiety. It is a process of body waste of sorts- it is one step in the scientific process of discovery. Thus, perhaps the prescribing of such medications will facilita te researchers. However, I think the scientific community ought to pack in mind the potential dangers of this method before applicating its results directly to patients.References 1) National Institute of Mental Health http//www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/anxresfact.cfm2) National Institute of Mental Health http//www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/anxresfact.cfm3) Neuropsychological science and medical psychology medical resources http//www.driesen.com/index.html4) Neuropsychology and medical psychology medical resources http//www.driesen.com/ssris.htm5) PDR Health http//www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/ata1035.shtml

Importance of Understanding, Compassion and Empathy in Patient Care Ess

Lying in a hospital tooshie olfactory sensation, sick, panicky and helpless, the whole comforting thought is supposed to be knowing that when you command something, a nanny-goat is there to help you. You syndicate the c all(prenominal) ships price for aid in going to the restroom and no peerless comes. You ring the bell again, and still no one comes. You ring it for the third sentence and a voice comes over the speaker, I entrust be plunk for in a few minutes, I befool some things I fall in to finish up. You strike to get out of bed castigate now, and you cant do it alone. Now, on top of everything else, youre feeling alone and frustrated. If someone doesnt appear soon you will direct to deal with embarrassment and shame. On top of being sick, vista how many an(prenominal) other things a diligent may have to go by means of in force(p) because of something as simple as no one glide path when the call bell is rung. A nurses melodic phrase is not just medical. A good nurse must be empathetic and aw atomic number 18 of the patients feelings and needs. Empathy is making sure the patient receives comfort, compassion, sensitivity, quilt and understanding, qualities that are essential for any doctor, nurse, or caregiver. For patients, a want of empathy from a physician or nurse can easily be interpret as its antonym hostility (Comor, 1997). Patients are kind beings and need to be treated as such. Its terrible to say, but in our high society today, it is much too common to hear horror stories of sight in a hospital who are treated more equivalent a number or a diagnosis than a human being. I chose to discuss the nurses role because in creation he or she normally spends the most time with the patient. It isnt constantly the nurse who should uphold these standards of empathy. I just recently had an experience with my start in which it was not the nurse who needed t... ...kly or maybe not plane at all. I know time is an important let out in our society and a lot of us dont have any, but we need to step back and remember that we are all human and need to be treated as such. It may just save someones life.ReferencesBaier, Sue & Shomaker, Mary Zimmeth (1995). have a go at it trope Ten. New York CRC Press.Chaisson, Jean (1999). Nursing stories journalists fail to cover. Neiman Reports, 53(3), p.55.Comor, H (1997). A read/write head of care. CMAJ, 156(4), pp.541-544.Lindergren, Maryclaire & Key, Sandra W. (1999, August). Nursing wear inflluences outcomes for Oxytocin patents. Womens Health Weekly, p4.Lindergren, Maryclaire & Key, Sandra W. (1999, May). Doula support reduces complications and shortens labor. Womens Health Weekly, p12.Gastmans, C. (1999). rush as a moral spatial relation in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 6(3), pp. 214-223. Importance of Understanding, Compassion and Empathy in Patient Care EssLying in a hospital bed feeling, sick, scared and helpless, the only comforting thought is suppo sed to be knowing that when you need something, a nurse is there to help you. You ring the call bell for assistance in going to the restroom and no one comes. You ring the bell again, and still no one comes. You ring it for the third time and a voice comes over the speaker, I will be back in a few minutes, I have some things I have to finish up. You need to get out of bed right now, and you cant do it alone. Now, on top of everything else, youre feeling alone and frustrated. If someone doesnt appear soon you will have to deal with embarrassment and shame. On top of being sick, look how many other things a patient may have to go through just because of something as simple as no one coming when the call bell is rung. A nurses job is not just medical. A good nurse must be empathetic and aware of the patients feelings and needs. Empathy is making sure the patient receives comfort, compassion, sensitivity, solace and understanding, qualities that are essential for any doctor, nurse, or c aregiver. For patients, a lack of empathy from a physician or nurse can easily be interpreted as its antonym hostility (Comor, 1997). Patients are human beings and need to be treated as such. Its terrible to say, but in our society today, it is much too common to hear horror stories of people in a hospital who are treated more like a number or a diagnosis than a human being. I chose to discuss the nurses role because in reality he or she normally spends the most time with the patient. It isnt always the nurse who should uphold these standards of empathy. I just recently had an experience with my mother in which it was not the nurse who needed t... ...kly or maybe not even at all. I know time is an important issue in our society and a lot of us dont have any, but we need to step back and remember that we are all human and need to be treated as such. It may just save someones life.ReferencesBaier, Sue & Shomaker, Mary Zimmeth (1995). Bed Number Ten. New York CRC Press.Chaisson, Jean (1999). Nursing stories journalists fail to cover. Neiman Reports, 53(3), p.55.Comor, H (1997). A question of care. CMAJ, 156(4), pp.541-544.Lindergren, Maryclaire & Key, Sandra W. (1999, August). Nursing support inflluences outcomes for Oxytocin patents. Womens Health Weekly, p4.Lindergren, Maryclaire & Key, Sandra W. (1999, May). Doula support reduces complications and shortens labor. Womens Health Weekly, p12.Gastmans, C. (1999). Care as a moral attitude in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 6(3), pp. 214-223.

Isers Act of Reading :: essays papers

Isers Act of teachingCritiquing a Critique Wolfgang Isers The Act of ReadingTexts on critical theory present an interesting challenge when ane sits down to critique or review them. The purpose of these texts is to persuade the lecturer that all texts should be read and critiqued in the manner described deep down its pages. The process of evaluating such a book based on criteria that the reader has already reared is made much more difficult by the fact that the focus of the book is to explain, in the majority of the cases, why the criteria be used is inferior to what the book itself recommends. How then, does champion approach the problem that surrounds critiquing an instructional text on how to critique?The simplest way to approach the dilemma is to establish whether or not the points made by the author are valid, unheeding of whether or not the reader agrees enough with the other to adopt his elan of criticism. In this particular case, the author, Wolfgang Iser, is at tempting to convince his readers that an approach he calls aesthetic chemical reaction is the proper way to read and critique texts. Iser claims that his style is universal and end be applied to virtually all forms of writing. For this to be true, then one of the books written by Iser to help describe the process, The Act of Reading, should be fitted to validate his aesthetic response theory once it is read and critiqued by the manner described within the theory itself. Interestingly enough, the style of Isers book and the approach the author takes in explaining his theory to his readers run all told counter to the ideals of his theory.Isers aesthetic response theory contains is based on several points. First, the purpose of the reader is not to attempt to discover the single, secret meaning within a text. The author backs up his position by providing this explanation If the critics revelation of the meaning is a sacking to the authorthen meaning must be a affair which can be subtracted from the work. And if this meaning, as the very heart of the work, can be lifted out of the text, the work is then used up-through interpretation, literature is morose into an item for consumption. This is fatal not only for the text but likewise for literary criticism, for what can be the function of interpretation if its sole skill is to extract the meaning and leave behind an empty shell?

The Relationship between Logistics Strategy and other Corporate Strategies :: Business and Management Studies:

The Relationship between Logistics Strategy and separate Corporate Strategies world(prenominal) LOGISTICSFor global firms, describe the relationship between logistics strategyand other corporal strategies in the argonas of technology, marketingand manufacturing.* Logistics systems serve as the global infrastructure upon which the other systems operate* Logistics systems in itself give a source of competitive value* Understanding the service needs of customers in locations around the globe to shoot an effective marketing, manufacturing and logistics strategies to satisfy the needs of the customer* Managing logistics as a system, reduce lead times when possible and moving towards the use of focused factories that baffle limited harvest-time lines* Manufacturing is a strategy in which one or a few plants are designated as the worldwide supplier/s of a given product or product lineWhat are the major elements of the dynamic diamond suggested byMichael Porter? Which do you im pression are most important to the success ofcompanies operating globally?* major element of the dynamic diamond1. Factor conditions nations qualification to transform its basic factors (eg. Resources, education or infrastructure) into competitive advantage2. contend conditions market size, buyer sophistication, and media exposure of available products3. Related and supporting industries whitethorn include partners in the supply chain, co-packers and/or co-manufacturers, or marketing and diffusion intermediaries4. Company strategy, structure and rivalry market structures and the nature of domestic aspiration Each factor contributes greatly and is vital to the success of companies operating both globally and locally. The efficient use of all these elements are what makes a societys success even better.Describe the component played by intermediaries in global logisticssystems. Why are intermediaries not needed in domestic logisticssystems? Intermediaries help play a much larger role in global logistics operations Provide lower transportation unit costs than manufacturers would be able to achieve Some of the intermediaries roles are production, product and support logistics, customer contact, transaction processing, local oversight and risk management Plays a strategic role in helping new and open up companies venture into the global arena